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United Nations Library at Geneva

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The Distinction between International and Non-International Armed Conflicts: Challenges for International Humanitarian Law?

The Distinction between International and Non-International Armed Conflicts: Challenges for International Humanitarian Law?
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Statement on attacks on medical facilities and personnel in the Syrian Arab Republic

Back to Solferino - Retour à Solférino Le 3 mai, le Conseil de sécurité des Nations Unies adoptait une résolution à l'unanimité sur la protection des blessés et des malades, du personnel médical et humanitaire, dont le projet avait été co-parrainé par 80 Etats Membres. L'initiative avait été prise par cinq Membres non-permanents du Conseil de sécurité, l'Egypte (qui présidait le Conseil en mai), le Japon, la Nouvelle-Zélande, l'Espagne et l'Uruguay. Les consultations sur le projet avaient débuté en janvier, et le projet de résolution a été déposé le 27 avril. Cette résolution 2286 (2016) reprend, en termes vigoureux, le fondement du droit international humanitaire depuis la Première Convention de Genève de 1864. Elle "condamne fermement" les actes de violence, attaques et menaces visant blessés et malades, personnel médical et humanitaire , "déplore" les répercussions durables que ces attaques ont sur la population civile et les systèmes de santé, "exige" de toutes les parties à un conflit armé de respecter pleinement le droit international, notamment humanitaire, "exige également" pour les humanitaires l'accès aux populations dans le besoin, "demande instamment aux Etats et aux parties à un conflit armé" de mettre en place des mesures efficaces pour prévenir et réprimer ces attaques et menaces, "souligne que l'éducation et la formation" en droit humanitaire peuvent contribuer à prévoir ces attaques, "condamne vigoureusement l'impunité" dont jouissent ceux qui commettent ces violations et exactions, "engage vivement" les Etats à mener sans tarder des enquêtes sur ces violations, "exprime son intention" de faire en sorte que les mandats des opérations de maintien de la paix des Nations Unies contribuent à instaurer des conditions de sécurité favorables à la fourniture d'une assistance médicale, conformément aux principes humanitaires, "prie" le Secrétaire général d'inclure cette question dans ses rapports sur la situation d'un pays donné ou sur la protection des civils, "prie également" le Secrétaire général de lui communiquer sans tarder des recommandations quant aux mesures à prendre, "prie en outre" le Secrétaire général de lui faire rapport tous les douze mois. Le Secrétaire général de l'ONU, Ban Ki-moon, le Président du CICR, Peter Maurer, et la Présidente de MSF International, Joanne Liu, ont souligné d'emblée la gravité de la question, le nombre des attaques dans les conflits en cours ou récents en Afghanistan, en Irak, en République Centrafricaine, au Sud-Soudan, en Syrie, en Ukraine et au Yémen. Sont intervenus dans le débat : - le Japon, soulignant le caractère général de la résolution, qui ne mentionne aucun pays en particulier, mais rappelant la gravité de la situation en Syrie; - la Nouvelle-Zélande, évoquant l'urgence de faire cesser ces violations, en particulier à Alep; - l'Espagne, déplorant ces attaques pratiquement quotidiennes, dont certaine volontaires, et mentionnant également Alep; - l'Uruguay, regrettant que certaines de ces attaques aient été commises par des Etats Membres des Nations Unies, et demandant que les responsables soient poursuivis pénalement; - le Royaume-Uni : le non-respect du fondement du droit humanitaire, notamment à Alep, entraîne sous nos yeux un délitement, une désagrégation du droit humanitaire et demande un briefing urgent sur la situation à Alep; - l'Angola demande aussi justice pour les victimes d'attaques à Alep; - l'Ukraine évoque aussi Alep et cite un rapport de l'OMS sur des attaques au Yémen; - la Russie, tout en soulignant le caractère inacceptable d'attaques contre le personnel médical, réclame des informations fiables et le respect de la souveraineté des Etats; - les Etats-Unis expriment leurs regrets sur l'attaque de l'hôpital de Kunduz, en Afghanistan, et évoque les nombreuses attaques volontaires contre des installations médicales en Syrie; - la France cite le récent Rapport de l'OMS et souligne que le Conseil de sécurité devrait agir d'urgence à propos de la situation à Alep, relevant aussi que ces attaques pourraient constituer des crimes de guerre selon le Statut de Rome de la Cour pénale internationale; - le Sénégal relève le paragraphe de la résolution qui demande que la protection des convois humanitaires fasse partie du mandat des opérations de maintien de la paix; - le Vénézuela souhaite que cette résolution ne soit pas un exercice de rhétorique mais un appel à l'action concrète, y compris la poursuite pénale des responsables de ces violations; - la Chine exprime sa profonde préoccupation devant ces violations, demande la poursuite pénale des responsables, rappelle que les humanitaires doivent respecter la Charte des Nations Unies et l'intégrité territoriale des Etats, et fait appel à la diplomatie préventive du Conseil de sécurité pour encourager la résolution des conflits par des négociations; - la Malaisie déclare que cette résolution marque une étape importante ("an important milestone"), exprime son regret devant les attaques d'hôpitaux par Israël à Gaza, et, par les Etats-Unis de l'hôpital de MSF à Kunduz, en Afghanistan, ajoutant que la protection des populations civiles et du personnel humanitaire devait être au coeur de l'action du Conseil de sécurité; - l'Egypte, qui présidait le Conseil de sécurité, estime que ces attaques contre du personnel et des installations médicales suscitent la haine et minent la possibilité de règlement pacifique des conflits. Le Conseil de sécurité doit envoyer un message fort que ces violations ne doivent pas avoir lieu. Le même jour, 3 mai, le CICR, avec 44 autres Membres du Mouvement international de la Croix-Rouge et du Croissant-Rouge, ainsi que l'Association médicale mondiale, publiait une lettre ouverte à tous les Etats Membres des Nations Unies ("Il faut mettre fin à la violence contre les soins de santé") demandant à tous les Etats Membres d'appuyer sans réserve les mesures décrites dans la résolution 2286. La résolution 2286 a été relevée dans plusieurs interventions au Sommet humanitaire mondial qui s'est tenu à Istanbul les 23 et 24 mai, dont celle du Grand Chancelier de l’Ordre Souverain de Malte. La 32e session du Conseil des Droits de l'Homme, qui se tiendra au Palais des Nations à Genève du 13 juin au 1er juillet, sera aussi l'occasion, pour le Secrétaire général et ses représentants, comme pour les Etats Membres, les observateurs et les ONG, de rappeler les recommandations de la résolution 2286, en particulier pour la situation en Syrie, qui sera débattue le 21 juin. Ensuite, le segment humanitaire du Conseil économique et social (ECOSOC) des Nations Unies devrait aussi être une opportunité de revenir sur la question à New York les 27, 28 et 29 juin, comme aussi et surtout les deux Sommets sur la migration des 19 et 20 septembre à New York, et l'Assemblée générale des Nations Unies de cet automne. Les violations du droit humanitaire sont en effet une des causes principales des déplacements massifs de populations de pays affectés par des conflits armés comme l’Afghanistan, l’Irak, la Libye, la Syrie. Au delà de ces rendez-vous diplomatiques, reste la question fondamentale de savoir comment faire respecter ce qui est le fondement du droit international humanitaire, le respect des blessés et du personnel médical et humanitaire. Comme le relevaient pratiquement toutes les interventions à New York le 3 mai, comme aussi l'ont rappelé Gouvernements, représentants de l'ONU, du CICR, de l'Ordre de Malte, d'ONG en plénière et dans les sessions spéciales du Sommet humanitaire mondial réuni à Istanbul les 23 et 24 mai, le droit international humanitaire doit être mieux respecté. La question n'est pas seulement juridique. elle est bien plus politique et morale. Sur le plan juridique, l'impunité semble être devenue la règle, et les poursuites et condamnations de criminels de guerre l'exception. La Suisse et le CICR avaient proposé, à la dernière Conférence internationale de la Croix-Rouge et du Croissant-Rouge (Genève, décembre 2015), un mécanisme d'examen périodique du respect du droit international humanitaire. Cette proposition n'a pas été retenue, même si les consultations continuent. Nous sommes donc de retour à Solférino : le besoin de protéger blessés et infirmiers est là, le droit - ou son respect - n'y est pas. Comme Henry Dunant à Solférino, c'est aux médecins, aux bonnes volontés locales - comme le 24 juin 1859 le curé de Castiglione et les femmes de Lombardie - et aux formateurs d'opinion de s'engager à la fois dans l'action locale et dans la mobilisation de la conscience publique pour faire pression sur les Gouvernements et les parties en conflit. Il ne s'agit plus aujourd'hui de codifier, d'avoir un nouveau traité de droit international, mais bien de faire respecter ce que Dunant avait obtenu après Solférino. L'Institut international de droit humanitaire pourrait contribuer à cette mobilisation. Michel Veuthey Voir aussi à ce sujet : - le blog du 5 mai 2016 du Professeur Philippe Weckel sentinelle-du-droit-international.fr - la Déclaration conjointe du Directeur général de l'OMS et du Directeur général de l'UNICEF du 19 avril sur la Syrie http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2016/syria-attacks/en/ - le Rapport de l'OMS ("Attacks on health care. Report on Attacks on Health Care in Emergencies Based on Consolidated Secondary Data 2014 and 2015 ») http://www.who.int/hac/techguidance/attacksreport.pdf?ua=1 - la Lettre ouverte du CICR et d'autres organisations du 3 mai 2016 https://www.icrc.org/fr/document/il-faut-mettre-fin-la-violence-contre-les-soins-de-sante - le texte complet, en original anglais, de la résolution 2286 (2016) : “The Security Council, “Reiterating its primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security and, in this context, the need to promote and ensure respect for the principles and rules of international humanitarian law, “Recalling all relevant Security Council resolutions, including resolutions 2175 (2014) and 1502 (2003) on the protection of humanitarian personnel, resolutions 1265 (1999), 1296 (2000), 1674 (2006), 1738 (2006), 1894 (2009) and 2222 (2015) on the protection of civilians in armed conflict, resolutions 1539 (2004) and 1612 (2005) relating to the establishment of a monitoring and reporting mechanism on children and armed conflict, and resolution 1998 (2011) on attacks against schools and/or hospitals, as well as relevant statements of its President related to the protection of civilians in armed conflict and to the protection of medical personnel and humanitarian personnel in conflict zones, “Recalling all relevant General Assembly resolutions, including resolution 70/104 entitled Safety and security of humanitarian personnel and protection of United Nations personnel, 70/106 entitled Strengthening of the coordination of emergency humanitarian assistance of the United Nations, and 69/132 entitled Global health and foreign policy, “Recalling the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and their Additional Protocols of 1977 and 2005, as applicable, as well as relevant customary international law concerned with the protection of the wounded and sick, medical personnel and humanitarian personnel exclusively engaged in medical duties, their means of transport and equipment, as well as hospitals and other medical facilities, and the obligation of parties to armed conflict to respect and ensure respect for international humanitarian law in all circumstances, “Recalling the Convention on the Safety of United Nations and Associated Personnel, and its Optional Protocol, “Recognizing the particular challenges faced by humanitarian personnel exclusively engaged in medical duties and medical personnel and reaffirming that all humanitarian personnel are entitled to respect and protection under international humanitarian law, “Stressing that identification of medical personnel and humanitarian personnel exclusively engaged in medical duties, their means of transport and equipment, as well as hospitals and other medical facilities may enhance their protection, and in this regard, recalling also the obligations, in situations of armed conflict, pertaining to the use and the protection of the distinctive emblems under the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and where applicable, their Additional Protocols, “Recalling further the specific obligations under international humanitarian law to respect and protect, in situations of armed conflict, medical personnel and humanitarian personnel exclusively engaged in medical duties, their means of transport and equipment, and hospitals and other medical facilities, which must not be attacked, and to ensure that the wounded and sick receive, to the fullest extent practicable and with the least possible delay, the medical care and attention required, “Recalling also the obligation under international humanitarian law to distinguish between civilian populations and combatants, and the prohibition against indiscriminate attacks, and the obligations to do everything feasible to verify that the objectives to be attacked are neither civilians nor civilian objects and are not subject to special protection, including medical personnel their means of transport and equipment, and hospitals and other medical facilities, and recalling further the obligation to take all feasible precautions with a view to avoiding and in any event minimizing harm to civilians and civilian objects, “Deeply concerned that despite these obligations, acts of violence, attacks and threats against medical personnel and humanitarian personnel exclusively engaged in medical duties, their means of transport and equipment, as well as hospitals and other medical facilities, are being perpetrated in situations of armed conflicts and that the number of such acts is increasing, “Recalling that locally recruited medical personnel and humanitarian personnel exclusively engaged in medical duties account for the majority of casualties among such personnel in situations of armed conflict, “Further concerned that the delivery of humanitarian assistance, including medical assistance, to populations in need is being obstructed by parties to armed conflicts in many conflict situations, “Recalling that under international humanitarian law, persons engaged in medical activities shall not be compelled to perform acts or to carry out work contrary to the rules of medical ethics or to other medical rules designed for the benefit of the wounded and the sick, “Convinced that acts of violence, attacks and threats against medical personnel and humanitarian personnel exclusively engaged in medical duties, their means of transport and equipment, as well as hospitals and other medical facilities, and obstructing the delivery of humanitarian assistance, including medical assistance, may exacerbate ongoing armed conflicts and undermine the efforts of the Security Council to maintain international peace and security under the Charter of the United Nations, “Reaffirming the need for all parties to armed conflict to respect the humanitarian principles of humanity, neutrality, impartiality and independence in the provision of humanitarian assistance, including medical assistance, and reaffirming also the need for all actors engaged in the provision of such assistance in situations of armed conflict to promote and fully respect these principles, “Urging States to ensure that violations of international humanitarian law related to the protection of the wounded and sick, medical personnel and humanitarian personnel exclusively engaged in medical duties, their means of transport and equipment, as well as hospitals and other medical facilities in armed conflicts do not remain unpunished, affirming the need for States to ensure that those responsible do not operate with impunity, and that they are brought to justice, as provided for by national laws and obligations under international law, “Recalling that, under international law, attacks intentionally directed against hospitals and places where the sick and wounded are collected, provided that they are not military objectives, as well as attacks intentionally directed against buildings, material, medical units and transport and personnel using the distinctive emblems of the Geneva Conventions in conformity with international law are war crimes, “Stressing that the fight against impunity and to ensure accountability for war crimes and other serious violations of international humanitarian law has been strengthened through the work on and prosecution of these crimes in the international criminal justice system, and in this regard reiterating the importance of State cooperation with international courts and tribunals in accordance with States’ respective obligations, “Noting that medical personnel, and humanitarian personnel exclusively engaged in medical duties, in an armed conflict situation, continue to be under a duty to provide competent medical service in full professional and moral independence, with compassion and respect for human dignity, and always to bear in mind human life and to act in the patient’s best interest and stressing the need to uphold their respective professional codes of ethics, and further noting the applicable rules of international humanitarian law relating to the non-punishment of any person for carrying out medical activities compatible with medical ethics, “Reaffirming the primary responsibility of States to protect the population throughout their whole territory and recalling in this regard that all parties to armed conflict must comply fully with the obligations applicable to them under international humanitarian law related to the protection of civilians in armed conflict and medical personnel, “1. Strongly condemns acts of violence, attacks and threats against the wounded and sick, medical personnel and humanitarian personnel exclusively engaged in medical duties, their means of transport and equipment, as well as hospitals and other medical facilities, and deplores the long-term consequences of such attacks for the civilian population and the healthcare systems of the countries concerned; “2. Demands that all parties to armed conflicts fully comply with their obligations under international law, including international human rights law, as applicable, and international humanitarian law, in particular their obligations under the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and the obligations applicable to them under the Additional Protocols thereto of 1977 and 2005, to ensure the respect and protection of all medical personnel and humanitarian personnel exclusively engaged in medical duties, their means of transport and equipment, as well as hospitals and other medical facilities; “3. Demands that all parties to armed conflicts facilitate safe and unimpeded passage for medical personnel and humanitarian personnel exclusively engaged in medical duties, their equipment, transport and supplies, including surgical items, to all people in need, consistent with international humanitarian law; “4. Strongly urges States and all parties to armed conflict to develop effective measures to prevent and address acts of violence, attacks and threats against medical personnel and humanitarian personnel exclusively engaged in medical duties, their means of transport and equipment, as well as hospitals and other medical facilities in armed conflict, including, as appropriate, through the development of domestic legal frameworks to ensure respect for their relevant international legal obligations, the collection of data on obstruction, threats and physical attacks on medical personnel and humanitarian personnel exclusively engaged in medical duties, their means of transport and medical facilities, and to share challenges and good practice in this regard; “5. Underlines the important role that education and training in international humanitarian law can play in supporting efforts to halt and prevent acts of violence, attacks and threats against the wounded and sick, medical personnel and humanitarian personnel exclusively engaged in medical duties, their means of transport and equipment, as well as hospitals and other medical facilities; “6. Calls upon States to ensure that their armed forces and security forces, within their respective competencies under domestic law, make or, where relevant, continue their efforts to integrate practical measures for the protection of the wounded and sick and medical services into the planning and conduct of their operations; “7. Emphasizes the responsibility of States to comply with the relevant obligations under international law to end impunity and to ensure those responsible for serious violations of international humanitarian law are held to account; “8. Strongly condemns the prevailing impunity for violations and abuses committed against medical personnel and humanitarian personnel exclusively engaged in medical duties, their means of transport and equipment, as well as hospitals and other medical facilities in armed conflict, which in turn may contribute to the recurrence of these acts; “9. Strongly urges States to conduct, in an independent manner, full, prompt, impartial and effective investigations within their jurisdiction of violations of international humanitarian law related to the protection of the wounded and sick, medical personnel and humanitarian personnel exclusively engaged in medical duties, their means of transport and equipment, as well as hospitals and other medical facilities in armed conflict, and, where appropriate, take action against those responsible in accordance with domestic and international law, with a view to reinforcing preventive measures, ensuring accountability and addressing the grievances of victims; “10. Expresses its intention to ensure that the mandates of relevant United Nations peacekeeping operations can, where appropriate and on a case-by-case basis, help to contribute to a secure environment to enable the delivery of medical assistance, in accordance with humanitarian principles; “11. Encourages the Secretary-General, in accordance with his prerogatives under the Charter of the United Nations, to bring to the attention of the Security Council situations in which the delivery of medical assistance to populations in need is being obstructed by parties to the armed conflict; “12. Requests the Secretary-General to include in his country-specific situation reports, and other relevant reports which address the protection of civilians, the issue of the protection of the wounded and sick, medical personnel and humanitarian personnel exclusively engaged in medical duties, their means of transport and equipment, as well as hospitals and other medical facilities, including recording specific acts of violence against them, remedial actions taken by parties to the armed conflict and other relevant actors, including humanitarian agencies, to prevent similar incidents, and actions taken to identify and hold accountable those who commit such acts; “13. Further requests the Secretary-General to promptly provide the Security Council with recommendations on measures to prevent incidents of the kind described in the above paragraph and to better ensure accountability and enhance the protection of the wounded and sick and medical personnel and humanitarian personnel exclusively engaged in medical duties, their means of transport and equipment, as well as hospitals and other medical facilities; “14. Further requests the Secretary-General to brief the Security Council every twelve months on the implementation of this resolution.” Il faut mettre fin à la violence contre les soins de santé Article 03 MAI 2016 À tous les États membres de l'Organisation des Nations Unies : Nous tirons une nouvelle fois la sonnette d'alarme. Des centaines d'agents de santé sont tués ou blessés alors qu'ils s'emploient à soigner des malades et des blessés – hommes, femmes et enfants – lors de conflits armés. Et de nombreux autres sont empêchés de faire leur travail. Nous devons faire plus pour eux et pour les civils qui souffrent de cette situation inacceptable. C'est une question de vie ou de mort. Il faut agir avec fermeté pour mettre un terme à la violence contre les personnels de santé, au bombardement d'hôpitaux et à la destruction d'ambulances, qui privent des communautés entières de services vitaux. Ces actes de violence aggravent l'impact de la guerre sur les populations et entraînent plus de morts, de maladies, d'infirmités et de souffrances physiques et mentales. Les conséquences de ces actes se feront sentir pendant des décennies. Il est temps de réaffirmer que la guerre a des limites. C'est pourquoi nous, les membres et partenaires de l'initiative « Les soins de santé en danger », saluons les mesures prises par le Conseil de sécurité de l'ONU en vue d'adopter une résolution sur la question. Cette résolution représente une occasion unique que nous nous devons de saisir. En ce 3 mai 2016, nous appelons tous les États membres de l'ONU à appuyer sans réserve les mesures décrites dans la résolution SS/RES/2286 (2016) du Conseil de sécurité et celles préconisées dans le cadre de l'initiative « Les soins de santé en danger ». Conformément à cette résolution, nous appelons tous les États membres de l'ONU à réaffirmer la pertinence du droit international humanitaire, un ensemble solide de règles de droit qui vise à apporter un peu d'humanité dans des situations inhumaines. En particulier, nous invitons instamment tous les membres de l'ONU à prendre des mesures spécifiques pour protéger la fourniture des soins de santé et assurer ainsi un plus grand respect du droit international humanitaire. Les pouvoirs publics devraient réviser les législations nationales et, le cas échéant, adopter de nouveaux textes pour prévenir les violences contre les patients, les personnels de santé, les structures médicales et les véhicules sanitaires. Les personnels de santé sont présents dans les zones de conflit pour soigner les malades et les blessés, quelles que soient leurs affiliations et sur la base des seuls besoins. Ils font leur travail et ne doivent pas être punis pour cela. Ces professionnels dévoués jouent un rôle crucial dans la défense du principe d'humanité en temps de guerre. Les personnes qui attaquent des services de santé ou empêchent la fourniture de soins doivent impérativement répondre de leurs actes et être traduites en justice. Nous demandons instamment l'adoption de mesures spécifiques à cette fin. Par exemple, des sanctions pénales, disciplinaires ou administratives pourraient être intégrées dans les législations nationales. Nous encourageons vivement les États à faire en sorte que les textes législatifs nationaux applicables aux personnels de santé, notamment les lois pénales, soient compatibles avec les devoirs éthiques de ces personnels, et qu'ils protègent comme il se doit l'indépendance et l'impartialité de la fourniture des soins de santé. Il est également essentiel de revoir les règles d'engagement des forces armées ainsi que les pratiques et procédures opérationnelles pour y intégrer les recommandations et mesures visant à protéger la fourniture des soins de santé et faire en sorte que le personnel militaire reçoive une formation adaptée. Nous invitons instamment les États à s'engager à le faire. « Les soins de santé en danger » est une initiative du Mouvement international de la Croix Rouge et du Croissant-Rouge soutenue par des experts et des professionnels de divers horizons – personnel intervenant sur les lignes de front, pouvoirs publics, forces armées, organisations humanitaires, associations professionnelles internationales et services de santé. Ensemble, nous avons formulé des recommandations et recensé des mesures pratiques qui, si elles sont mises en œuvre par toutes les parties concernées, permettront d'améliorer la protection des services de santé dans les conflits armés et autres situations d'urgence. Nous avons transmis aux membres du Conseil de sécurité un document présentant les principes éthiques relatifs à la fourniture de soins de santé en période de conflit armé et dans d'autres situations d'urgence. Ce document, qui vise à protéger les patients et les personnels de santé, a été approuvé l'an dernier par six organisations de premier plan du secteur de la santé représentant plus de 30 millions de professionnels. Un des objectifs fondamentaux des principes éthiques est d'empêcher que des personnels de santé ne soient contraints d'accomplir des actes contraires aux principes déontologiques de leur profession. La mission première de ces personnels est de préserver la santé physique et mentale des personnes et d'alléger leurs souffrances, sans discrimination aucune. Les patients sont des patients, d'où qu'ils viennent et quel que soit leur camp. Nous appelons tous les États membres de l'ONU à tenir compte, dans les initiatives multilatérales à venir, de ces principes éthiques et des recommandations formulées dans le cadre de l'initiative « Les soins de santé en danger ». La résolution du Conseil de sécurité envoie un signal fort. Elle reconnaît l'importance du droit international humanitaire et, en particulier, l'inviolabilité des services de santé en période de conflit armé. Par cette résolution, les membres du Conseil de sécurité démontrent au monde que la violence contre les soins de santé est un problème humanitaire grave qui doit être affronté au plus haut niveau, et qu'il est urgent de faire le nécessaire pour réaffirmer les Conventions de Genève, auxquelles tous les États sont parties. Nous demandons instamment à tous les États membres de l'ONU de répondre à notre appel et de se joindre aux membres du Conseil de sécurité pour exprimer leur ferme détermination à mettre fin à la violence contre les soins de santé. Il y a des espaces d'humanité au cœur même de la guerre – des espaces qui doivent être préservés. ******** Organisations signataires : Croissant-Rouge afghan Croix-Rouge argentine Croix-Rouge australienne Croix-Rouge de Belgique Croix-Rouge britannique Croix-Rouge canadienne Croix-Rouge chilienne Croix-Rouge colombienne Croix-Rouge tchèque Société du Croissant-Rouge égyptien Croix-Rouge d'Estonie Croix-Rouge allemande Croix-Rouge indonésienne Comité international de médecine militaire Comité international de la Croix-Rouge Conseil international des infirmières Fédération internationale des associations d'étudiants en médecine Fédération internationale des Sociétés de la Croix-Rouge et du Croissant-Rouge Fédération internationale des hôpitaux Société du Croissant-Rouge d'Iran Société du Croissant-Rouge du Kazakhstan Croix-Rouge du Kenya Croix-Rouge libanaise Croissant-Rouge libyen Magen David Adom Croix-Rouge malienne Croix-Rouge néerlandaise Croix-Rouge du Nigéria Croix-Rouge de Norvège Croissant-Rouge du Pakistan Société du Croissant-Rouge palestinien Croix-Rouge paraguayenne Croissant-Rouge du Qatar Croix-Rouge de Serbie Croix-Rouge d'El Salvador Croix-Rouge sénégalaise Croissant-Rouge de Somalie Croix-Rouge du Soudan du Sud Croix-Rouge espagnole Croissant-Rouge soudanais Croix-Rouge suédoise Croix-Rouge suisse Croix-Rouge du Timor-Leste Confédération mondiale de physiothérapie Fédération mondiale pour l'enseignement médical Croissant-Rouge du Yémen Association Médicale Mondiale https://www.icrc.org/fr/document/il-faut-mettre-fin-la-violence-contre-les-soins-de-sante

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Sommet humanitaire mondial (Istanbul, 23-24 mai 2016) - Déclaration d'engagements de chercheurs humanitaires (à titre personnel) World Humanitarian Summit - Statement of commitments of humanitarian scholars ( on a personal capacity ) http://ihsa.info/images/pdf/StatementIHSA.pdf

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Uphold the Norms that Safeguard Humanity: “Switzerland’s commitment to promote respect for the universal norms that safeguard humanity in the midst of war” Istanbul, 24.05.2016 - Allocution du Conseiller fédéral Didier Burkhalter à l'occasion du Sommet mondial de l’humanitaire Mr Deputy Secretary-General, Ladies and gentlemen, The 1949 Geneva Conventions are universally recognised as the cornerstones of modern international humanitarian law. Their continued validity is beyond doubt. However, there is a disturbing discrepancy between the law and the facts on the ground. We urgently must take steps to close this gap. This is a foreign policy priority for Switzerland. We therefore fully support the Secretary-General’s Agenda for Humanity. We need a clear commitment by all to the centrality of protection in the conduct of hostilities and in humanitarian action. And an acknowledgment that people continue to have rights, even in the midst of war. The Core Commitments echo our collective promise to never overstep the limits of humanity under any circumstance. It is time to deliver on this promise. Switzerland is submitting concrete commitments to contribute to these efforts. Let me highlight four of them: First, we will promote efforts to provide the Geneva Conventions with an institutional forum to facilitate exchange among States Parties. The current lack of such a body is an anomaly for any modern treaty regime. This is why States agreed at the last International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent to work towards establishing a dedicated forum for international humanitarian law. They also agreed to examine how we can make better use of the International Conference to enhance the implementation of the law. Switzerland invites all States to participate actively in this collective endeavour. We commit to efficiently promoting and facilitating this intergovernmental process, alongside the ICRC. Second, we encourage all States that have not yet done so to establish an inter-ministerial Committee for International Humanitarian Law. They have proven to be a valuable means of ensuring the effective application of the law. Switzerland commits to supporting the ICRC in organising a conference of these Committees in Geneva towards the end of this year. The idea is to encourage the creation of such committees, promote their role and enhance cooperation among them. Third, Switzerland commits to strengthening respect and protection for the humanitarian and medical mission – in particular by promoting the humanitarian principles and through dialogue with all parties to an armed conflict. All too often, humanitarian actors are hampered in their efforts to deliver assistance and to engage in the protection of civilians. Health workers encounter serious difficulties in providing medical care to all wounded and sick without discrimination. It is outrageous that attacks are being committed against hospitals, against patients and against the men and women who risk their lives to bring relief and care to those in need. Such attacks violate the very foundations of international humanitarian law. Finally, we commit to helping ensure that humanitarian action is not hampered by counter-terrorist measures. Even when confronting armed groups that abide by no rules, we must uphold the laws of war and ensure respect for international law, especially international humanitarian law and human rights law. Dear colleagues, together we can make a difference for the countless men, women and children who suffer around the globe because of armed conflicts. Our action must be inspired by the values of humanity that form the foundation of the 1949 Geneva Conventions. You can count on Switzerland, just as we count on you!

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www.internal-displacement.org

GLOBAL REPORT ON INTERNAL DISPLACEMENT 2016 www.internal-displacement.org/assets/publications/2016/2016-global-report-internal-displacement-IDMC.pdf

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CONSEIL DES DROITS DE L'HOMME - Discours de la France S.E. M. Jean-Marc AYRAULT, Ministre des Affaires étrangères et du Développement international Ces anniversaires devraient être l'occasion d'un bilan sans complaisance et d'une remobilisation collective en faveur du respect de Droits de l'Homme, particulièrement en Syrie... Il rappelle les crimes des uns et des autres... Face à ces crimes, une cessation des hostilités est indispensable pour le respect des Droits de l'Homme et du droit international humanitaire... Il faudra un jour que justice soit faite, que tous les criminels soient jugés. Sans cela, il n'y aura pas de paix durable... Le drame syrien est le test à l'aune duquel le respect des Droits de l'Homme sera jugé... www.franceonugeneve.org

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TOWARD THE WORLD HUMANITARIAN SUMMIT CONFERENCE IN GENEVA - 18 & 19 FEBRUARY 2016 - CICG The Director-General of the ICRC, M. Yves DACCORD The President of the IIHL, Prof. Fausto POCAR, Keynote Speakers

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STATEMENT OF THE INTERNATIONAL SYRIA SUPPORT GROUP Meeting in Munich on February 11 & 12, 2016, as the International Syria Support Group (ISSG), the Arab League, China, Egypt, the EU, France, Germany, Iran, Iraq, Italy, Jordan, Lebanon, the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, Oman, Qatar, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, the United Nations, and the United States decided that humanitarian access will commence this week to besieged areas, and an ISSG task force will within one week elaborate modalities for a nationwide cessation of hostilities. The ISSG members unanimously committed to immediately facilitate the full implementation of the UN Security Council Resolution 2254, adopted unanimously December 18, 2015. The ISSG reaffirmed their readiness to carry out all commitments set forth in the resolution, including to: ensure a Syrian-led and Syrian-owned political transition based on the Geneva Communiqué in its entirety; press for the end of any indiscriminate use of weapons; support and accelerate the agreement and implementation of a nationwide ceasefire; facilitate immediate humanitarian access to besieged and hard-to-reach areas and the release of any arbitrarily detained persons; and fight terrorism. Ensuring Humanitarian Access In order to accelerate the urgent delivery of humanitarian aid, sustained delivery of assistance shall begin this week by air to Deir Ez Zour and simultaneously to Fouah, Kafrayah, the besieged areas of Rural Damascus, Madaya, Mouadhimiyeh, and Kafr Batna by land, and continue as long as humanitarian needs persist. Humanitarian access to these most urgent areas will be a first step toward full, sustained, and unimpeded access throughout the country. The members of the ISSG will use their influence with all parties on the ground to work together, in coordination with the United Nations, to ensure that all parties allow immediate and sustained humanitarian access to reach all people in need, throughout Syria, particularly in all besieged and hard-to-reach areas, as called for in UNSCR 2254. To this end, the UN will submit a plan to an ISSG humanitarian task force, which shall convene on February 12 and next week. This group will comprise the ISSG co-chairs, relevant UN entities and members of the ISSG with influence on the parties in a position to ensure humanitarian access. The ISSG reaffirmed that humanitarian access should not benefit any particular group over any other, but shall be granted by all sides to all people in need, in full compliance with UNSCR 2254 and international humanitarian law. The ISSG asks the UN to report weekly, on behalf of the task force, on progress on the implementation of the plan referenced above, so that in any cases where access lags or approvals are lacking, relevant ISSG members will use their influence to press the requested party/parties to provide that approval. There will be a process for resolving any problems so that relief can flow expeditiously. Any questions about access or delivery will be resolved through the task force. All ISSG members commit to immediately work together with the Syrian parties to ensure no delay in the granting of approval and completion of all pending UN requests for access in accordance with UNSCR 2254, paragraph 12. ISSG co-chairs and members will ensure that aid convoys are used solely for humanitarian purposes. International humanitarian organizations, in particular the United Nations, will play the central role, as they engage the Syrian government, the opposition and local populations, in arranging the monitoring and sustained and uninterrupted distribution of aid. Achieving a Nationwide Cessation of Hostilities The ISSG members agreed that a nationwide cessation of hostilities must be urgently implemented, and should apply to any party currently engaged in military or paramilitary hostilities against any other parties other than Daesh, Jabhat al-Nusra, or other groups designated as terrorist organizations by the United Nations Security Council. The ISSG members commit to exercise influence for an immediate and significant reduction in violence leading to the nationwide cessation of hostilities. The ISSG members decided to take immediate steps to secure the full support of all parties to the conflict for a cessation of hostilities, and in furtherance of that have established an ISSG ceasefire task force, under the auspices of the UN, co-chaired by Russia and the United States, and including political and military officials, with the participation of ISSG members with influence on the armed opposition groups or forces fighting in support of the Syrian government. The UN shall serve as the secretariat of the ceasefire task force. The cessation of hostilities will commence in one week, after confirmation by the Syrian government and opposition, following appropriate consultations in Syria. During that week, the ISSG task force will develop modalities for the cessation of hostilities. The ISSG task force will, among other responsibilities continue to: a) delineate the territory held by Daesh, ANF and other groups designated as terrorist organizations by the United Nations Security Council; b) ensure effective communications among all parties to promote compliance and rapidly de-escalate tensions; c) resolve allegations of non-compliance; and d) refer persistent non-compliant behavior by any of the parties to ISSG Ministers, or those designated by the Ministers, to determine appropriate action, including the exclusion of such parties from the arrangements for the cessation of hostilities and the protection it affords them. Although a cessation of hostilities can facilitate humanitarian access, it cannot be a precondition for such access anywhere in Syria. The ISSG decided that all members will undertake their best efforts, in good faith, to sustain the cessation of hostilities and delivery of humanitarian assistance, and take measures to stop any activities prohibited by United Nations Security Council Resolutions 2170, 2178, 2199, 2249, 2253, and 2254. The ISSG again expressed concern for the plight of refugees and internally displaced persons and the imperative of building conditions for their safe return in accordance with the norms of international humanitarian law and taking into account the interests of host countries. Advancing a Political Transition The members of the ISSG reaffirmed the imperative of all sides engaging in negotiations under the auspices of the United Nations as soon as possible, in strict compliance with United Nations Security Council 2254. They reaffirmed that it is for the Syrian people to decide the future of Syria. The members of the ISSG pledge to do all they can to facilitate rapid progress in these negotiations, including the reaching of agreement within six months on a political transition plan that establishes credible, inclusive and non-sectarian governance and sets a schedule and process for drafting a new constitution, free and fair elections, pursuant to the new constitution, to be held within 18 months and administered under supervision of the United Nations, to the satisfaction of the governance and to the highest international standards of transparency and accountability, with all Syrians, including members of the diaspora, eligible to participate. Full implementation of these objectives will require the ISSG co-chairs and members, the UN and others, to work closely on political, humanitarian, and military dimensions.

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René-Jean Wilhelm, le dernier des co-rédacteurs des Conventions de Genève vient de disparaître à...

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International Institute of Humanitarian Law Geneva Liaison Office

World Humanitarian Summit ( Istanbul, 23-24 May 2016 ) https://www.worldhumanitariansummit.org/whs_summit Programme & Applications online...

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